The history of Unani medicine can be characterized by the work of its practitioners, or hakims, who relied on natural healing based on principles of harmony and balance, uniting the physical, mental, and spiritual realms.
Unani medicine is one the oldest traditional system of medicine which has been treating various diseases and ailments with the drugs of approximately 90% plants, 5-6% mineral and 4-5% animal origin. Unani system of medicine refers to Greco-Arabic medicine, originated in Greece almost 2500 years ago. It is based on the teachings of Greek physician Hippocrates (Buqrat) and Roman physician Galen (Jalinoos) and later developed into an elaborate medical system in middle age era by Arabian and Persian physicians, such as Rhazes (alRazi), Avicenna (Ibn-e-Sina), Al-Zahrawi, Ibn Nafis, Great Unani physicians like freedom fighter Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Abdul Hameed.
Hippocrates propounded the doctrine of fluids, or humours, of the body, and he categorized the humours into four groups based on their colour. These groups were refined by Galen and later by Avicenna. They appear in Unani practice as dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra (yellow bile), and sauda (black bile). The human dispositions corresponding to these humours are, respectively, sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic. Each person is considered to have a specific humoral makeup, determined by the predominance of a given humour in his or her constitution. The quality and quantity of the humours in an individual—a person’s unique, proper, and proportionate humoral makeup—is said to guarantee health. Conditions other than this balance signal ailment or disease.
Each person is born to have a specific humoral makeup, determined by the predominance of a humour suitable for him/her. According to the Unani system of medicine diseases and ailments are considered to derange the normal temperament and homeostasis of the humours in the body. Once, deranged humour invovled is diagnosed & corrected through Diet therapy, Regiminal therapy and Pharmacotherapy which help in maintaining back homeostasis of the humours viz a viz health.
Pharmacotherapy is one of an important mode of treatment is Unani system of medicine. Unani pharmacopoeia and literary books provide information of various single and compound Unani formulation and their indications of usage.
Apart from these, pharmacopoeial and proprietary formulation of various Unani pharmaceutical companies are also available in the market. Some of these are famous and widely used.
Unani system of medicine is governed by ministry of AYUSH concerned with education, clinical practice, manufacturing & research etc. More than 55 Unani medical college, approximately 1000 manufactures and nationwide distributors are promoting and propagating heritage of Unani medicine.
The naturally occurring drugs used in Unani system are symbolic of life and are generally free from side effects. Few drugs are toxic in their crude form, they are processed, detoxified and purified by different methods before use. Medicines are easily available and affordable since they are growing locally. In this system of medicine holistic approach is adopted towards the patient rather then just focusing the disease. In this system, stress is laid on the temperament of the individual. The medicines are prescribed as per the temperament of patient, thus accelerating recovery process.
Diseases are treated in the following ways.
Heteropherapy (Illaj – biz – Zid) : Main principle of treatment.
Treatment: Three modalities are employed. These are:
Two types of compound formulations are being used:
Asbab-e-Sittah Zarooriyah: For the maintenance of health six essential factors are required, these are called as Asbab-e-Sittah Zarooriyah.
These are as follows:
1. Hawa (Air).
2. Makool wa mashroob (Food & drink).
3. Harkat wa sukoon badniya (Body movement & rest).
4. Harkat wa sukoon nafsaniya (Psychic activeness & repose).
5. Naum wa Yaqza (Sleep 7 wakefullness).
6. Isthifaragh wa Ihthibaas (Evacuation & Retention).
Excess or deficiency of any of the above factors or of multiple factors causes disease or Marz.